Articles, submitted to the journal

Name, last name:	Ige Akindele Mattew
ID:	32
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	B.ED, M.ED, PhD: Education, Education management, Educational planning
E-mail:	dele_divine@yahoo.co.uk

TOWARDS THE FULL PROFESSIONALISATION OF TEACHING IN NIGERIA: PERCEIVED LIKELY IMPACTS BY TEACHERS IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ONDO STATE. Amid the agitations for full professionalisation of teaching in Nigeria, this study investigated the perception of teachers in public secondary schools in Ondo State, on the likely impacts if eventually professionalised. Six questions were raised, three hypotheses formulated, and cross-sectional survey design adopted. Main population consisted of three hundred and four public secondary schools in the state while government appointed teachers in the schools, constituted the target population. Sample consisted of fifteen schools, ninety teachers, selected through multistage, stratified and simple random sampling techniques. A 15-item questionnaire was used to gather data and information. Data were analysed using percentage and mean statistics while hypotheses were tested by chi-square statistic. Findings revealed among others that professionalisation of teaching will likely improve the commitment of teachers, academic performance of students, and standard of education. No significant difference was found in the perception of teachers in Akure South and North Local Government Areas, male and female teachers, teachers in single sex and coeducational schools. Based on these, the need to fully professionalise teaching in Nigeria arises, due to the associated benefits while there is need for recruitment of teachers for schools so as not to create vacuum when the unqualified teachers eventually leaves.

Name, last name:	Joseph Milinga
ID:	16
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	Masters Degree from the University of Dar es Salaam. Interested in the study of gifted education, inclusive education and human diversity in general, and how these relate to and inform about teacher education and professional development.
E-mail:	regjoseph2002@gmail.com

Perceptions on People with Albinism in Urban Tanzania: Implications for Social Inclusion This article analyses the perceptions of people from urban Tanzania about individuals with albinism and their killings in the country. It attempts to evaluate people’s understanding of albinism, their attitudes towards individuals with the condition, and perceived reasons for the killings. The findings reported in this article were gathered from forty seven participants from Dar es Salaam region who were purposefully selected for the study. Face-to-face semi-structured interviews and open-ended questionnaire were used for data collection. Findings have indicated that, to a larger extent, respondents had a poor understanding of albinism, but on average felt comfortable having individuals with the condition around them, with mixed responses regarding marrying the same. Congruent with the existing literature, the killings are linked to superstitious practices and negative attitudes towards people with albinism. In advancing the available literature, a discussion of these findings is offered in light of social inclusion of persons with albinism in Tanzania. To intervene the situation in the country, it is recommended that educative approach to changing people’s perceptions about those with albinism be enhanced to the wider community alongside sustained measures against those behind the killings, coupled with continued advocacy for those with the condition.

Name, last name:	Joseph Milinga
ID:	16
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	Masters Degree from the University of Dar es Salaam. Interested in the study of gifted education, inclusive education and human diversity in general, and how these relate to and inform about teacher education and professional development.
E-mail:	regjoseph2002@gmail.com

Helping Behaviour and Self-Esteem of the Helped in Inclusive Schooling: A Double-Edged Sword? Despite the plethora of studies that have attempted to examine self-esteem in a variety of contexts, few such studies have focused on investigating the self-esteem of students with visual impairments as a function of receiving help from their sighed peers within the context of inclusive schooling. Employing a qualitative approach, this study examines the ways on how sighted students assist their peers with visual impairments in an inclusive secondary school setting in relation to the self-esteem of the help-recipients. It does so by highlighting the decision for seeking help and threat to self-esteem models. The findings have indicated that sighted peers assisted their peers with visual impairments in a number of ways despite the fact that some of the help-recipients were unsatisfied with the help given. Generally, the students with visual impairments were comfortable seeking assistance from their sighted peers, with high self-esteem levels despite the concerns raised. Finally, discussions of these findings and recommendations are provided.

Name, last name:	Olga Mishchenko
ID:	29
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	PhD, associate professor, the innovations in language teaching
E-mail:	olgamishchenko7@gmail.com

THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS’ COGNITIVE MOTIVATION FOR STUDYING ENGLISH The peculiarities of developing motivation for learning a foreign language are revealed in the article. The authors emphasize that the question of how to help students to overcome the language barrier as soon as possible and to incite their interest for a foreign language is relevant and not completely resolved. As practice shows, foreign language teachers working at school are in dire need of improving the communicative teaching methods of a foreign language, forming the interests and motives for learning a foreign language. The authors give a description of modern aids of increasing motivation to learn a foreign language, taking into account all the advantages of using it for teachers.

Name, last name:	Aldeva Ilhami
ID:	28
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	Graduate, S.Pd, science education
E-mail:	Aldevailhami@student.upi.edu

Management of Aquatic Ecosystem Based Local Society’s Knowledge: a Case Study of Ikan larangan in Pandam Gadang, West Sumatera, Indonesia Minangkabau community is a majority ethnic lived in the West Sumatra province. We can find various local wisdom in this province, one of them related to environmental conservation such as ikan larangan. The people made part of river to be forbidden area to fish within certain limits and span of time. One of the famous ikan larangan area is located in Pandam Gadang village, West Sumatera province. The aims of research is to explore the local wisdom of ikan larangan which is located in Pandam Gadang village and to analyze conservation values contained it. Interview, observation and documentation are used to collect data. Respondents involved in this research are elders and people in the community purposively. The results showed that the local community made a part of river as ikan larangan divided 3 zones and those area have conservation values such as protection, preservation and sustainable use.

Name, last name:	Victoria Tkachenko
ID:	25
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	Graduate student of Pedagogy, Management of Education and Innovative Activity Department of Municipal Higher Educational Institution «Kherson Academy of Continuing Education» of Kherson Regional Council
E-mail:	mia2010@ukr.net

LANGUAGE EDUCATION IN MULTICULTURAL DIMENSION The article highlights a key trend of pluralistic school language education in Ukraine. The questions of influence factor on multicultural school language education, the development of an individual student, the concept of multicultural education have been studied as well as the processes of learning Ukrainian and foreign languages in the content of multicultural education. The author determines the means and methods that provide quality multicultural education in national school, the necessity of encouraging students to study several languages and the need to use information technology. Besides the prospects of multicultural language education in Ukraine have been established in the article. School education must meet the requirements of society. With the development of Ukraine the need to expand contacts with other countries grows. One of the factors of successful cooperation with other countries is a foreign language. This is possible not only due to providing students with quality knowledge of Ukrainian, but also foreign languages that will guarantee the formation of a linguistic person.

Name, last name:	Hellen Kailiti
ID:	23
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	B.Ed., M.A. Assistant Lecturer Interests in women and gender studies, Feminism, Leadership, language and cultural studies
E-mail:	hellen.kailiti@selu.edu

Women in the C-Suite: Do They Have the Globe Enthralled? Abstract Women have historically showed outstanding capability in leadership roles in varying societal spheres and periods across the globe. Although grossly underrepresented in leadership, those who take up the positions bring to the exercise of leadership an arsenal of strengths, which increasingly, are meant to benefit the entities they lead on local, national, and global levels. In the run-up to the Fourth World Women Conference held in Beijing in 1995, there was much hype about the issues of equity, equality and women representation. During the conference, the concepts of equity and equality, in relation to gender were expansively discussed. While the conference ultimately called for equal opportunities and equal representation, an examination of the several sectors in different countries revealed that the percentage of women in the C-Suite is still very low. Can one say that women are discriminated against or do they discriminate themselves? Do they get technically disqualified because they are women? This analysis focuses on the status of women leadership in politics, education, health and religion. While these are not the only sectors where women hardly get to the top management, they mirror the status quo in the other sectors. The few women at the top also face certain challenges, including the fact that they cannot make important decisions concerning their sectors without consultation. Those who do so are considered to be acting like ‘men’. The affirmative action is adhered to in many sectors but mostly, women do not aggressively seek for leadership positions.

Name, last name:	Liliia Ruskulis
ID:	22
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor Doctoral Candidate of Linguistics Department of Kherson State University, Ukraine Linguodidactics in Higher Education, Preparation of Future Teachers of the Ukrainian language
E-mail:	ruskulis72@mail.ru

THE CONVERSATION IN THE SYSTEM OF THEORETICAL AND METHODICAL TRAINING OF FUTURE TEACHERS OF THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE The different scientists’ points of view on the classification of teaching methods in pedagogy and linguodidactic are analyzed in the article. It is found that the conversation is one of the active methods of teaching, which forms a coherent system in combination with other methods and has a wide range of usage (in the process of acquiring new knowledge, repetition and generalization of the studied material and etc.). It is focused on such types of conversations as: heuristic, reproductive, generalized, control and corrective, analytic and synthetic. Their purpose, structure and methods of implementation are defined; the system of questions for each of the types is developed. It is noted that the methods of discussion and debate are similar to the method of conversation. The effectiveness of these methods in the process of theoretical and methodical training of future teachers of the Ukrainian language has been proven, in particular in the system of integrative study of the normative disciplines of linguistic and psycho-pedagogical cycles; the themes for their implementation have been proposed.

Name, last name:	Violetta Panchenko
ID:	19
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	Lecturer, testing techniques in foreign languages teaching, comparative analysis of knowledge assessment in different countries
E-mail:	viola-zmyov@mail.ru

Organization of Students’ Educational Control Activities in Ukrainian High School The article deals with the organization of control procedures in high school to assess students’ learning outcomes. The problem has several aspects, including tasks, requirements for control, its functions, types, forms and methods. The research proves that control activities are efficient only if they cover all the educational material and are differentiated according to the level of students’ knowledge

Name, last name:	Olha Osova
ID:	18
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, associate professor. Innovative teaching techniques in foreign language teaching
E-mail:	osova_olga@mail.ru

Foreign Languages in the System of Future Teachers Training in Ukraine To ensure effective educational activity it is necessary to take into account common European and national tendencies of social development. The article presents the main modern priorities in the system of future teachers training. It is proved that foreign languages in the system of future teachers training accumulate considerable educational, developing potential directed to increasing the level of general and professional culture, culture of thinking, communication.

Name, last name:	Tcherkashyn Sergiy
ID:	21
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	doctoral student, professor assistent, PhD Philology
E-mail:	tscherkaschin@ukr.net

Reformation of the German Higher Education System in the Sixtieth and the Seventieth of 20th Century: Crash of Humanism and Humboldt`s Epoch at German Universities This article concerns the process of higher education system reforming in Germany during the period from the mid-1960th to mid-1970th. Necessity of the given reforms ripened for several reasons. The first reason consisted in necessity of unification of all activities of higher education institutes in Germany and, first of all, of universities. The second reason was preparation for "educational expansion". The third reason was unsatisfactory financing of both universities and university science. The German government developed and accepted a number of necessary measures, which appeared vague and inconsistent and caused the stagnation period in the system of German higher education.

Name, last name:	Olha Osova
ID:	18
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, associate professor. Innovative teaching techniques in foreign language teaching
E-mail:	osova_olga@mail.ru

Ways to Realize the Subject-Subject Interaction in the Process of Foreign Language Communication Teaching The article deals with the definition of the term «subject-subject interaction». The author highlights the main ways to efficiently realize the subject-subject interaction in the process of foreign language communication teaching in higher pedagogical educational establishments.

Name, last name:	Marie Correa
ID:	5
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	Master's of Public Administration, Doctoral Student Public Policy Analysis, Higher Education, International Development.
E-mail:	marie_correa_01@subr.edu

The Natural Harmony of Interests: Adam Smith and the Political Philosophy of the Classical School This paper explores the idea of laissez-faire and economic liberation as a corollary to the emergence of the national economy. It discusses the extent to which the individual actor as identified in Adam Smith’s economic philosophy is fundamental to the societal economy and subsequently to shape national or public policy.

Name, last name:	Marie Correa
ID:	5
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	Master's of Public Administration, Doctoral Student Public Policy Analysis, Higher Education, International Development.
E-mail:	marie_correa_01@subr.edu

The Millennium Challenge Corporation: A Backward Mapping Approach to Implementation of Foreign Aid The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is the main U.S. agency for development aid programs; just like other poverty-reduction programs in developing countries, it faces policy implementation issues. In 2004 President Bush created the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) as an alternate agency to provide aid based on a set criteria and indicators for high-performing governments. The MCC changes the way the US provides aid for development. Policy implementation is a major issue in developing nations. This paper explores the implementation of the Millennium Challenge Corporation and attempts to link it to the “backward mapping” implementation framework of Elmore.

Name, last name:	Violetta Panchenko
ID:	19
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	Lecturer, testing techniques in foreign languages teaching, comparative analysis of knowledge assessment in different countries
E-mail:	viola-zmyov@mail.ru

Name, last name:	Olha Osova
ID:	18
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, associate professor. Innovative teaching techniques in foreign language teaching
E-mail:	osova_olga@mail.ru

Modern Textbooks as Means of Innovative Technologies Realization in Foreign Language Teaching Innovative aspects of foreign language textbooks structure on the basis of the analysis of their methodological functions are revealed in the article. On the basis of the analysis of scientific pedagogical and methodological literature the terms «textbook», «training manual», «electronic textbook», «electronic training manual» are defined. The authors note the convergence tendency of different kinds of educational publications and redistribution of their functions. It is found out that textbook limits are indistinct due to its integration into other educational training manuals and publications such as workbooks, reference books, reading books, dictionaries. The authors prove that advantages of multimedia means can be realized in full only if perception of new information is accompanied by different kinds of cognitive activities: from motor functions to inductive, logical and creative thinking. These aims can be achieved using the complex of exercises presented in the contents of the analyzed electronic textbooks.

Name, last name:	Artem Yurchenko
ID:	17
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	Lecturer. Research interests: Computer design and animation, Computer engineering.
E-mail:	a.yurchenko@fizmatsspu.sumy.ua

Name, last name:	Olena Semenikhina
ID:	8
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	PhD (Pedagogical Sciences) IT in Education
E-mail:	e.semenikhina@fizmatsspu.sumy.ua

Components and Levels of Professional Readiness of Teachers to Use Computer Tools of Computer Visualization The training of teachers involves the formation of skills to use it in their professional activities. Given the exponential increase of information content, require special attention means of computer visualization of educational material, and the ability to use them the teachers became one of the main in the profession. The article describes four levels of readiness to use the means of computer visualization by teachers (passive, basic, conscious, and active) based on the proposed components of readiness (motivational, cognitive, technological, reflexive).

Name, last name:	Joseph Milinga
ID:	16
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	Masters Degree from the University of Dar es Salaam. Interested in the study of gifted education, inclusive education and human diversity in general, and how these relate to and inform about teacher education and professional development.
E-mail:	regjoseph2002@gmail.com

Educating Students with Disabilities in Inclusive Schools: A Focus on their Coping Strategies in Schooling The quest for equal access, participation and success in education for persons with disabilities is paramount in today’s global education context, and Tanzania is no exception. Since the ages of “denial” to “full inclusion”, educating students with disabilities in inclusive classrooms has had been responded differently by teachers and students alike across countries. Confronted by different challenges in their education, students with disabilities are to devise mechanisms to excel in such restrictive learning environments. Informed by interpretive research traditions with 59 purposefully selected participants, this paper explores challenges that students with disabilities are faced with and coping strategies used by these students in their schooling in two inclusive secondary schools in Tanzania. The findings indicate that, students with disabilities are faced with challenges which are teacher and environment-related. Consequently, the students with disabilities use complaints, assistance seeking, self-initiatives, isolation and despair, and assertiveness to cope with the challenges. The study concludes that, educational stakeholders should work collaboratively in order to lessen the impact of the restrictive nature of learning environments for students with disabilities. The paper recommends on improved teacher preparation and continued professional development in order to cater for the learning needs of students with disabilities in inclusive schools.

Name, last name:	Mariia Soter
ID:	15
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	Academic interests: the process of intercultural communication, subject-to-subject interaction of participants in educational process, tolerance.
E-mail:	kulbatska@mail.ru

THEORETICAL MODELLING OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION PROCESS The definition of the concepts of “communication”, “intercultural communication”, “model of communication” are analyzed in the article. The basic components of the communication process are singled out. The model of intercultural communication is developed; communicative, behavioral and complex skills for optimal organization of intercultural communication, establishment of productive contact with a foreign partner to achieve mutual understanding, searching for acceptable ways of organizing interaction and cooperation for both communicants are highlighted in the article. It is noted that intercultural communication through interaction between people affects the development of different cultures’ aspects.

Name, last name:	Tetiana Savchenko
ID:	13
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	Post-graduate student of Kherson State University, Ukraine Academic Interests: social sphere specialists' professional training, social pedagogues’ professionally-oriented communication
E-mail:	tat-zaj@mail.ru

PROFESSIONALLY-ORIENTED COMMUNICATION STYLE OF SOCIAL PEDAGOGUES The definitions of the concepts «style», «individual style of communication», «style of pedagogical communication» and «social pedagogues’ professionally-oriented communication style» are represented in the article. The essence of the individual style of the professionally-oriented communication of social pedagogues is resolved. The main attention is focused on the views of scientists’ characteristics of individual communication style. The major professionally-oriented communication styles of social pedagogues such as authoritarian, liberal, democratic are stressed. It is determined that productive style of professionally-oriented communication of social pedagogues is an effective individual style of productive communication.

Name, last name:	Aubr Devashrayee
ID:	12
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	BYU English Undergrad, interests in American Literature, Shakespeare, and Critical Theory
E-mail:	aubridev@hotmail.com

Finding Peace The iconic play of Hamlet is characteristically riddled with obstacles that create a disturbance of mind for the title’s namesake. Gloria Naylor uses this characteristic in her book Mama Day to not only further the plot, but does as Shakespeare did in using this device to convey higher themes. One of these higher themes is the establishment of true peace and what that constitutes. The characters of George and Hamlet find peace through overcoming the obstacles gender bias, reconciling the past and the present, and escaping from a world they cannot live in. The comparison of George and Hamlet in their gender biases show that they prevented others from finding peace. By relinquishing such a tight grip on gender prejudice, others are able to create a new life for themselves with authorship over their independence and identity. Both George’s and Hamlet’s death had the widespread effect of forcing those around them to start over, while painful at first, led to greater happiness. They had to be willing to give up what they desired for others and themselves in order to give true peace. They were also able to give others peace by overcoming the past, most importantly through forgiving others, especially themselves. Cocoa was able to maintain a relationship with George’s spirit in Willow Springs because he had finally come to terms with his actions and what had actually occurred during his time of trouble. Hamlet was able to rest in peace because he had resolved the issues that were troubling those around him. They both had to be completely selfless and self-sacrificing in order to achieve the complete peace that would allow others to move on without regrets and learn from the past, which enabled Hamlet and George to find true peace in their own right. Whatever Hamlet and George thought of death at the beginning of their narratives, they were able to find true rest in death. This death did not come without a price; each had to sacrifice everything that he was and knew in order to achieve this peace. Hamlet had the particular courage to act even when all of his surrounds, including his troubled mind, told him all was lost and nothing could be done to better the situation. George was able to to give Cocoa and the rest of her family a chance for a new start, which Hamlet was unable to give Ophelia. They come together to create the other’s story. While they had their weaknesses, Hamlet’s and George’s strengths fill the gap the other bore in his actions and character.

Name, last name:	Adelaida Berchi Petrancu
ID:	11
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	Ph.D. student at Faculty of Philosophy, University of Bucharest, Romania, interested in aesthetics, philosophy of culture.
E-mail:	aida_petrancu@yahoo.com

Gershwin, imagination and the present day culture In this paper we will talk about George Gershwin’s musical works and about the role of the imagination in his musical compositions. In his case, the imagination is a new product of the mind, according to his interests, purposes or to his cultural backgrounds. But, we should appreciate his work by the classical terms, instead of using some new criteria, which will lead to relativism, even the role of imagination decreased in the art of today, leading to imitation.

Name, last name:	Ioana Cristina Nicolae
ID:	10
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	PhD Student, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Bucharest. Aesthetics, phenomenology, psychoanalysis
E-mail:	ioana@nicolae.uk

Dostoevsky's Shadows My aim in this paper is to identify Jung’s Shadow archetype in Dostoevsky’s works and to analyze its implications in the structure of his characters. Taking into account that the Russian writer’s creation is vast, I shall select a limited number of his works, namely The Possessed, Crime and Punishment, The Brothers Karamazov, Notes from Underground and The Double.

Name, last name:	Jarir Mahmine
ID:	9
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	BA and MA in Religious Studies and Culture, 2nd MA in Theology. Sociology of religion, Philosophy of religion,History of religion,Anthropology of religion, Theology and Culture
E-mail:	jmm.jmm.du@gmail.com

Towards the Way to Inter-cultural Ecumenism: A Reality of “Third Culture” from the Sociological Perspective Abstract. When I was studying in Intercultural Theology in the University Georg-August-Universität Göttingen in 2015, the world was severed by conflicts, enmity and religious hatred and was passing through a period of discontent and turmoil. Extremism both (secularist and religious), malice, injustice, discrimination, and, overall devaluation of humanity, both religious and nonreligious, which are utmost antagonistic to the core concept of religion and humanity, obliged me to ponder over. The purpose of the present paper is to give a brief idea to introduce common grounds for people who are coming from different cultural, religious, secular and agnostic background and to relate this background to the present condition in Gottingen, Hannover and Hermannsburg. Despite major changes of people’s outlook and repression of competing religio-cultural traditions in the past, the underlying tendency of the people in these regions has been to tolerate and even support religio-cultural and social pluralism. The present survey is not intended as an in-depth analysis of the complex factors that might explain how through two millennia the people in this area have coped with marked diversity among elite ‘Great Traditions’ and countless ‘Little Traditions’ and ethnic minorities. It aims rather to present in broad terms the prevailing current of tolerant attitude to the people of different culture and the possibility of intercultural ecumenism for peaceful coexistence. Futilely it would seem to have an attempt and to establish a repressive theoretical ideology for people of monolithic conception as well as secularists and agnostics. The research paper is also going to propound a theory at the end which will help us to observe the situation from socio-cultural perspective.

Name, last name:	Marina Drushlyak
ID:	7
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	PhD (Physical and Mathematical Sciences) IT in Education
E-mail:	marydru@mail.ru

Name, last name:	Olena Semenikhina
ID:	8
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	PhD (Pedagogical Sciences) IT in Education
E-mail:	e.semenikhina@fizmatsspu.sumy.ua

Special Course of Study of Dynamic Mathematics Software as a Necessary Component of Modern Math Teachers’ Preparation in Ukraine The article discusses the relevance of the study of dynamic mathematics software by future math teachers in Ukraine. The focus is on the requirement not only to know about specialized interactive software, but also to be able to organize an effective learning process with their use. The arguments for the organization of special courses of study of the dynamic mathematics software are the need to demonstrate the abilities of using modern mathematics software, knowledge of operating with various dynamic mathematicssoftware for subsequent rational choice of the optimal tool, expanding of the circle of automatically solved problems, simplifying of mathematical objects modeling. This article briefly describes the contents of special course “Computer Applications in the Study of Mathematics”: the aim of the course is clarified; basic knowledge and skills, which should be formed in the students upon completion of the study, are selected; the topics of the lectures and content of the laboratory practical work are disclosed. The authors describe their own experience of teaching of a course at the Sumy Makarenko State Pedagogical University (Ukraine), which is included in the curricula as variable course of math teacher preparation, in particular, the successive changes of the content of the course, due to constant and rapid evolution of IT, during all period of learning are described.

Name, last name:	Gladys Mandisvika
ID:	6
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	BSc Honors in rural and Urban Planning Interested in all spatial, economic,environmental and social issues that affect urban development.
E-mail:	mandisvikagladys@gmail.com

The Role and Importance of Local Economic Development in Urban Development. A Case of Harare The study assessed the role and importance of Local Economic Development as a means of enhancing urban development paying particular attention to the regulators of Local Economic Development in Harare. Local Economic Development is a process which encourages partners from the community, public sector, private sector and non-governmental sectors to work collectively to create better conditions for economic growth and employment generation with the aim of improving the locality economic future and the quality of life for all citizens. The study was premised on the theory of competitive advantage which puts up that prosperity and wealth creation is determined by microeconomic factors and that prosperity means increasing the standards of living for the local people and ultimately their quality of life. Primary data for the research was gathered through observation and key informant interviews. Data on key stakeholders understanding on the concept of Local Economic Development, how it is being practised and how the current regulatory framework enhance or impinge on local people’s participation in Local Economic Development was collected. Secondary data was also collected from Harare’s 2014 budget, census and existing forward plans. The study revealed that the practice of Local Economic Development in Harare is biased towards the setting aside of land zoned for industrial and commercial uses and implementation of development control parameters. Small to Medium Enterprises and the informal sector have also been identified as the major forms of Local Economic Development that citizens are involved in. However, the study revealed that proper policy frameworks which guide practice of Local Economic Development initiatives were missing.

Name, last name:	Marie Correa
ID:	5
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	Master's of Public Administration, Doctoral Student Public Policy Analysis, Higher Education, International Development.
E-mail:	marie_correa_01@subr.edu

Gender and Development: A Literature Review This paper explores the literature on gender and development. Achieving women development requires the considerations of various aspects. Education is an important factor of development but it must be tailored to meet the needs of the target group. In developing countries one of the main barriers to women development is early marriage, which prevents further education, physical growth and power of decision; thus leads to more disparities between men and women. The interpretation of religious beliefs is another factor that legitimates inequalities; organizations have to understand its meaning and find ways to implement development programs in faith-based environments. They also have to advocate change in institutions that sustain disparities for the creation of unbiased policies.

Name, last name:	Margaret Tseng
ID:	4
Academic degree, academic title, academic interests:	PhD, Professor and Chair of the History and Politics Department, presidency, elections, voting behavior, education policy, minority politics
E-mail:	mtseng@marymount.edu

Challenging the Réal Plan: An Examination of Human Rights and Socioeconomic Marginalization in Brazil The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between the Réal Plan and its impact on Brazilian society – specifically marginalized groups such as impoverished, nonwhite, and indigenous communities. The first part of this research looks at the intersection of race, poverty, and income inequality. The latter looks at indigenous communities and their fight to retain their ancestral lands. By exploring why these groups have not attained any sort of social autonomy despite the efforts made by the Réal Plan, we can identify the factors that have kept these groups oppressed in Brazil.